Thyroid Nodules

Nuffield Vascular and Interventional Radiology (NVIR) recognises the concern and uncertainty that can arise with thyroid nodules. If you’ve noticed a lump in your neck, we’re here to offer clarity and holistic care tailored to your needs.

Table of Contents

Understanding Thyroid Nodules

The thyroid gland, located just below the voice box, is a butterfly-shaped organ responsible for producing hormones essential for regulating metabolism. Both underproduction and overproduction of these hormones can lead to various health issues.

Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths or lumps within the thyroid gland, a condition that affects approximately 30% of adults, with a higher prevalence in females. These nodules may appear as single lumps or multiple clusters within the gland.

The majority of thyroid nodules are benign and non-functioning, meaning they do not interfere with the thyroid gland’s ability to perform its normal functions.

Symptoms of Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid nodules often do not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as they grow, you may experience the following:

  • Pain due to bleeding or inflammation within the nodule
  • Difficulty breathing and/or swallowing
  • Hoarseness
  • Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
  • Unexplained weight gain or loss
  • Intolerance to heat
  • Muscle weakness

Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention

Thyroid nodules can vary in size and type, ranging from small benign growths to those associated with hyperthyroidism or large cysts. While many are not serious, it is essential to undergo an evaluation to determine the nature and severity of the nodule. Although the exact causes of thyroid nodules remain unclear, several factors may contribute to their development, including:

  • Iodine imbalances, whether excess or deficiency, and thyroid autoimmunity
  • Thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism
  • A family history of thyroid nodules

Types of Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths in or on the thyroid gland, located at the front of the neck. These nodules can be solid or fluid-filled and are typically caused by the overgrowth of cells within the gland. The main types of thyroid nodules include:

  • Benign Thyroid Nodules (Non-cancerous)
  • Toxic Nodules (Associated with Hyperthyroidism)
  • Multinodular Goitre

Diagnosing Thyroid Nodules

The primary objectives in evaluating a thyroid nodule are to determine whether it is cancerous and to assess thyroid function. This typically involves an ultrasound scan and, if necessary, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAC) to identify the nature of the nodule. Common diagnostic methods include:

  • Physical Examination: Your doctor will examine the nodule’s size and consistency. You may be asked to swallow repeatedly during the assessment to help evaluate the thyroid.
  • Thyroid Function Tests: Blood tests measure the levels of thyroid hormones to check if the thyroid is functioning properly.
  • Ultrasound: This imaging test provides detailed visuals of the thyroid gland, offering insights into the shape, size, and structure of the nodules.
  • Fine-Needle Biopsy: A thin needle is used to extract a sample of cells from the nodule. These cells are analysed in a lab to check for signs of cancer.
  • Thyroid Scan: A small dose of radioactive iodine is given orally or through injection. A specialised camera captures images of the thyroid to provide additional details about its function and structure.

Treatment Options

  • Monitoring: Regular ultrasound scans and biopsies may be recommended to track the nodule’s size and nature.
  • Surgical Resection: Partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland may be necessary in certain cases.
  • Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA): One advancement in thyroid nodule treatment, RFA is a minimally invasive procedure. Under ultrasound guidance, a specialised needle is inserted into the nodule. Heat energy is applied through the needle, destroying the nodule’s cells from within. Over time, the nodule shrinks and is replaced by scar tissue, preserving the overall structure and function of the thyroid gland.

Benefits of RFA for Thyroid Nodules

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) offers several advantages for the treatment of thyroid nodules:

  • Performed as a day procedure under light sedation.
  • The entire procedure is completed in 45 minutes to an hour.
  • Patients are discharged on the same day.
  • Preserves normal thyroid tissue surrounding the nodule.
  • Maintains normal thyroid function.
  • Allows treatment of multiple nodules in a single session.
  • Treated nodules do not regrow.
  • No surgical scars; only a small needle mark on the skin.
  • Quick recovery, enabling a return to daily activities and a normal lifestyle.
  • Suitable for treating even large thyroid nodules.
Your Health, Our Priority​

I’m here to help you regain control of your health. Together, we’ll manage your symptoms and prevent future complications using personalised care and innovative technology. – Dr Suresh Babu

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